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Jallianwala Bagh massacre
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when a crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab were fired upon by troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer.
The civilians had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to participate in the annual Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious and a cultural festival of the Punjabis. Coming from outside the city, they may have been unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. The Bagh-space comprised 6 to and was walled on all sides except for five entrances.〔''Report of Commissioners,'' Vol I, II, Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, p 56.〕 On Dyer's orders, his troops fired on the crowd for ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to run out. The figures released by the British government were 370 dead and 1200 wounded. Other sources place the number of dead at well over 1000. This "brutality stunned the entire nation",〔Bipan Chandra etal, India's Struggle for Independence, Viking 1988, p.166〕 resulting in a "wrenching loss of faith" of the general public in the intentions of Britain.〔 p.169〕 The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger, leading to the Non-cooperation Movement of 1920–22.
On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer was convinced of a major insurrection and he banned all meetings, however this notice was not widely disseminated. That was the day of Baisakhi, the main Sikh festival, and many villagers had gathered in the Bagh. On hearing that a meeting had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, Dyer went with fifty Gurkha riflemen to a raised bank and ordered them to shoot at the crowd. Dyer continued the firing for about ten minutes, until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted; Dyer stated that 1,650 rounds had been fired, a number which seems to have been derived by counting empty cartridge cases picked up by the troops.〔Collett, ''The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer'' pp 266,337〕 Official British Indian sources gave a figure of 379 identified dead,〔 with approximately 1,100 wounded. The casualty number estimated by the Indian National Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 dead.〔Brian Lapping, ''End of Empire,'' p. 38, 1985〕
Dyer was initially lauded by conservative forces in the empire, but in July 1920 he was censured and forced to retire by the House of Commons. He became a celebrated hero in Britain among most of the people connected to the British Raj,〔Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920," ''Past & Present,'' May 1991, Issue 131, pp 130–164〕 for example, the House of Lords,〔 but unpopular in the House of Commons, which voted against Dyer twice. The massacre caused a re-evaluation of the army's role, in which the new policy became "minimum force", and the army was retrained and developed suitable tactics for crowd control.〔Srinath Raghaven, "Protecting the Raj: The Army in India and Internal Security, c . 1919–39," ''Small Wars and Insurgencies,'' (Fall 2005), 16#3 pp 253–279 (online )〕 Some historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India,〔Brain Bond, "Amritsar 1919," ''History Today,'' Sept 1963, Vol. 13 Issue 10, pp 666–676〕 although others believe that greater self-government was inevitable as a result of India's involvement in World War I.
==Background==
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